Содержание
10 FOREWORD
11 I. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS IN HEALTH SERVICE
11 1. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
11 1.1. Features of the professional activities of doctor. Availability of professional ethics as a necessary factor in the regulation of medical activity. Historical stages of development of medical ethics
14 1.2. Becoming and the formation of bioethics and biomedical ethics. Bioethics, biomedical and medical ethics
16 1.3. Conceptual model and the problem field of biomedical ethics
17 1.4. Universal principles and norms of biomedical ethics
20 1.5. Background Documents on Medical Ethics of the World Health Organization, the World Medical Association
22 2. PROBLEMS OF BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
22 2.1. Life is as higher value. Ethical and legal aspects of human reproduction
22 2.1.1. The phenomenon of life to bioethics position
24 2.1.2. Autonomy of an expectant mother and right of an embryo on life. Ethic of problem of artificial abortion
28 2.1.3. The ethical dimension of control underreproduction. Moral problems of contraception
28 2.1.4. Ethical issues of reproductive technologies
29 2.1.5. The problem of surrogate motherhood
34 2.2. Bioethics of death and dying
35 2.2.1. The problem of death in medical and bioethical dimensions
37 2.2.2. The problem of euthanasia in contemporary culture
38 2.2.3. The problem of the relationship of physicians to the dying. Mercy from the standpoint of bioethics. The ethical foundations of modern palliative medicine. Hospice movement
40 2.2.4. Ethical-deontological principles in oncology
42 2.2.5. Deontological approach to relatives of the patient with malignant neoplasms
43 2.3. Ethical and legal aspects of transplantation
43 2.3.1. Transplantation
44 2.3.2. Moral and legal problems of transplantology
46 2.4. Ethical problems of medical genetics and genetic engineering
46 2.4.1. Biotechnology, biosafety and genetic engineering
49 2.4.2. Specificity of moral problems of medical genetics
55 2.4.3. The problem of cloning. The moral problem of human cloning
56 2.5. Ethical and legal regulation medical-biological experiments on animals and people
56 2.5.2. Ethical Aspects of Using Animals in Biomedical Research.
56 2.5.1. Ethical and legal aspects of the regulation of biomedical research involving human subjects
59 2.5.2. Ethical aspects of the use animals in biomedical research
61 2.5.3. The role of bioethical committees in solving social and professional health problem
63 3. MODERN MEDICAL DEONTOLOGY
64 3.1. The essence and problems of medical deontology
67 3.2. Basic models of relationships in the "doctor-patient" system
69 3.3. Paternalistic and autonomous model of relationships. The model of "weakened paternalism." The essence of the autonomous model of relationships in the "doctor-patient" system. Priority of the autonomous model of relationships
73 3.4. Moral climate of medical staff. Conflicts in the medical team
75 4. ETHICS PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL CARE FOR PATIENTS WHO HAVE DISEASES POSING HEALTH HAZARD OF THE POPULATION, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND ALSO SUFFERING FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM, DRUG ADDICTION AND ABUSE
75 4.1. The moral foundation of medical care for people with diseases representing health hazard of the population, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
80 4.2. Ethical standards in the treatment of HIV-infected children
81 4.3. Inadmissibility of discrimination and stigmatization of people living with HIV, AIDS patients
82 4.4. The problem of the fear of AIDS and the requirements of medical ethics
83 4.5.The importance of medical confidentiality
85 4.6. Voluntariness and anonymity of medical examination of persons for the diseases those are dangerous for public health, HIV
88 4.7. Professional risk of medical workers
89 4.8. Legal and social protection of persons infected with HIV, AIDS patients
91 4.9 The peculiarity of medical activity and the moral component of a modern doctor
93 4.10 Ethical and legal problems of modern psychiatry
94 4.11 Ethical problems in narcology
95 4.12 Conceptual model of the professional culture of the doctor at the present stage
100 II. COMMUNICATIONS IN HEALTH SERVICE
100 1. COMMUNICATIONS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF MEDICAL WORKERS
100 1.1. Definition of the concept of "communication"
101 1.2. Basic principles and goals of communication in health
103 1.3. Scheme of communications. Communication process
104 1.4. Postures, facial expressions, gestures
108 1.5. Tactical means of communication. The art of covert influence
109 1.6. Types of communication of medical workers. Formal communications, informal communications. Types of informal communications.
114 2. LEADERSHIP AND AUTHORITY
114 2.1 Leader and leadership
114 2.2 Categories and types of leadership
117 2.3. Scope of leadership
119 2.4. Leadership Qualities
122 2.5. Leadership "styles" – criteria of leadership
127 3. ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN HEALTH SERVICE
128 3.1. Principles of effective communication in the health sector (neutral, competent, ethical, credible, equitable)
128 3.2. Communication between the health service organization and its environment
130 3.3. Communication between levels and units
131 3.4. Health communication models
134 3.5. Organization of the communication process. Elements and stages of the communication process. Coding and selection of the communication channel. Information transfer and decoding. Feedback and interference
136 3.6. Barriers to interpersonal communication
137 3.7. Factors to increase communicative activity
139 4. MAIN PRINCIPALS OF EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
141 4.1. Verbal and nonverbal communication
143 4.2. Barriers to effectiveness of communication
143 Barriers to effective communication can retard or distort the message and intention of the message being conveyed which may result in failure of the communication process or an effect that is undesirable. These include filtering, selective perception
143 This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate" communication, which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a situation or environment that is not understood by the rec
143 Physical barriers – Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment. An example of this is the natural barrier which exists if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites. Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, part
143 System design – System design faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organization. Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know whom to communicate with.
143 Attitudinal barriers – Attitudinal barriers come about as a result of problems with staff in an organization. These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts whic
144 Ambiguity of words/phrases – Words sounding the same but having different meaning can convey a different meaning altogether. Hence the communicator must ensure that the receiver receives the same meaning. It is better if such words are avoided by usi
144 Individual linguistic ability – The use of jargon, difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent the recipients from understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. However, research
144 Physiological barriers – These may result from individuals' personal discomfort, caused – for example – by ill health, poor eyesight or hearing difficulties.
144 Bypassing – These happens when the communicators (sender and the receiver) do not attach the same symbolic meanings to their words. It is when the sender is expressing a thought or a word but the receiver take it in a different meaning. For example-
144 Technological multi-tasking and absorbency – With a rapid increase in technologically-driven communication in the past several decades, individuals are increasingly faced with condensed communication in the form of e-mail, text, and social updates. T
144 Fear of being criticized – This is a major factor that prevents good communication. If we exercise simple practices to improve our communication skill, we can become effective communicators. For example, read an article from the newspaper or collect
144 Gender barriers – Most communicators whether aware or not, often have a set agenda. This is very notable among the different genders. For example, many women are found to be more critical in addressing conflict. It's also been noted that men are
145 4.3. Effective communication
148 4.4 Medical (Doctor-Patient) Communication
149 1. Deterioration of Doctors' Communication Skills
149 2. Nondisclosure of Information
149 3. Doctors' Avoidance Behavior
150 4. Discouragement of Collaboration
150 5. Resistance by Patients
150 4.5 Improvement of сommunication skills
150 1. Communication Training
151 2. Collaborative Communication
151 3. Conflict Management
151 4. Health Beliefs
152 5. METHODS OF FORMING COMMUNICATION SKILLS
152 5.1. General principles of effective communication. Formation and development of communication skills
156 5.2. Verbal and non-verbal means of communication with the patient
160 5.3. The main psychological determinants of the development of the communicative competence of a doctor
163 5.4. Basic communication skills of doctor-patient relationship
166 5.5. Medical interview and basic communication skills
170 6. PUBLIC SPEECH AND PRESENTATIONS
170 6.1. General terms
171 6.2. Methods and technics
172 6.3. General rules of presentation
172 1. Volume.
173 2. Clarity.
173 3. Variety.
173 6.4. Positive communication with audience
173 1. DEALING WITH NERVES
174 2. PUT YOURSELF IN THE AUDIENCE'S SHOES
174 3. KEEP IT SIMPLE
174 4. SIGNPOSTS
174 6. VISUAL AIDS THAT ADD VALUE
175 8. VOCAL IMPRESSION
175 9. HOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS
175 10. PRACTISE - THEN PRACTISE MORE
176 7. SCRIPTS AND TECHNICS OF COMMUNICATIONS
176 7.1. Algorithms of communications, the technique of scripts
181 7.2. Modeling of communicative scenarios
182 7.3. Communicative techniques and a set of key phrases for working with "objection"
185 8. COMMUNICATIVE BARRIERS IN THE COURSE OF COMMUNICATION
185 8.1. Emergence of communicative barriers in the course of communication of the doctor with patients, relatives of patients and colleagues in various situations
187 8.2. Communicative barriers of social and psychological nature
194 8.3. Restrictions of process of communication in health sector
195 9. MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF INFORMING OF THE POPULATION AND PATIENTS
195 9.1. Medical information as suited communications in realization of the main objectives of health service
197 9.2. Practical ways of adaptation of the text and information messages
199 9.3. Publications and performances in mass media
200 9.4. Press conference, the press release, articles, interview, the comments concerning questions of health of the population. Electronic and print media, professional editions, printing editions of the organizations, amateur editions; Internet and e-
203 9.5. Organization and participation in actions for carrying out the World Days of health
204 9.6. Organization «hot lines», «round tables», participation in press conferences, carrying out seminars, the edition of popular scientific literature, carrying out facultative occupations, lectures, trainings in education establishments
205 10. FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION WITH PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS NOSOLOGICAL FORMS OF DISEASES
205 10.1. Ethic and deontological problems of interaction of medical workers with patients with various nosological forms of diseases
213 10.2. Behavioural and communicative skills of communication of the doctor with patients with malignant new growths, HIV infection and other social and significant diseases
215 10.3. Basic principles of communication
219 11. FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION IN PALLIATIVE MEDICINE. RECOMMENDATIONS AND POLICY OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
219 11.1. Behavioural and communicative skills in palliative medicine. Features of communication with patients, relatives of patients and colleagues in hospices, offices of the palliative help of versatile hospitals and oncological clinic, out of the hea
223 11.2. The main recommendations and policy on rendering of medical care according to World Health Organization recommendations
225 11.3. Prevention of reactive depression
226 11.4. Psychological assistance to a family
227 11.5. Risk of a suicide in palliative medicine
230 11.6. «A syndrome of emotional burning out» at medical workers
ADP3B2E.tmp
2 ББК 51.1(4Беи)пя73
2 Б 63
2 ISBN 978-985-466-907-6
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Biomedical ethics and communications in health service

Авторы: Глушанко В. С., Кулик С. П., Герберг А. А., ... Мясоедов А. М.
Михневич Е. В.
Орехова Л. И.
Церковский А. Л.
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